A Comparison of Cardinal Gaze Speed between Major League Baseball Players, Amateur Prospects, and Non-athletes
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose
Sensorimotor variables have been shown to predict performance in professional baseball players. However, cardinal gaze speed in baseball players has received only limited attention. This study tested the hypothesis that the cardinal gaze speed in Major League Baseball (MLB) players would be faster than in amateur prospects and non-athletes.
Method
Seventeen MLB athletes, 160 amateur prospects, and 128 non-athletes were tested using an eye-tracking test (i.e., the RightEye CGP test) designed to measure cardinal gaze speed.
Results
MLB players had significantly faster cardinal gaze speed than either amateur prospects or non-athletes. Moreover, there were significant differences in cardinal gaze speed across different directions. Conclusions
This was the first study to examine the speed of gaze in the cardinal positions in an athletic context. The results highlight the significant difference in cardinal gaze speed between MLB players, amateur prospects, and non-athletes.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
1. Murphy EF. 2,715 One-Line Quotations for Speak-ers, Writers & Raconteurs. 1st ed. New York, NY: Gramercy; 1996.
2. Boden LM, Rosengren KJ, Martin DF, Boden SD. A comparison of static near stereo acuity in youth base-ball/softball players and non-ball players. Optometry 2009;80(3):121–25. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2008.06.009.
3. Hoffman LG, Polan G, Powell J. The relationship of contrast sensitivity functions to sports vision. J Am Optom Assoc 1984;55(10):747–52.
4. Hunfalvay M, Orr R, Murray N, Roberts C-M. Evalua-tion of stereo acuity in professional baseball and LPGA athletes compared to non-athletes. Vis Dev Rehabil 2017;3(1):33–41.
5. Uchida Y, Kudoh D, Higuchi T, Honda M, Kanosue AK. Dynamic visual acuity in baseball players is due to superior tracking abilities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;45(2):319–25. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826fec97.
6. Burris K, Vittetoe K, Ramger B, et al. Sensorimo-tor abilities predict on-field performance in profes-sional baseball. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):1–9. doi:10.1038/ s41598-017-18565-7.
7. Hoshina K, Tagami Y, Mimura O, Edagawa H, Mat-subara M, Nakayama T. A study of static, kinetic, and dynamic visual acuity in 102 Japanese professional baseball players. Clin Ophthalmol 2013;7:627–32. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S41047.
8. Barry RJ, Denniston AK. A Dictionary of Ophthalmol-ogy. 1st ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191830099.001.0001.
9. Parr T, Friston KJ. The active construction of the visual world. Neuropsychologia 2017;104:92–101.
10. Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
11. Wilson TA, Falkel J. Sports Vision Training for Better Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004. 12. Bedell HE, Stevenson SB. Eye movement testing in clinical examination. Vision Res 2013;90(2013):32–37.
doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.001.
13. Singh H, Giardina TD, Meyer AND, Forjuoh SN, Reis MD,
Thomas EJ. Types and origins of diagnostic errors in primary care settings. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173(6):418–25. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2777.
14. Winters B, Custer J, Galvagno SM, et al. Diagnostic errors in the intensive care unit: A systematic review of autopsy studies. BMJ Qual Saf 2012;21(11):894–902. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-000803.
15. Alder D, Ford PR, Causer J, Williams AM. The cou-pling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots. Hum Mov Sci 2014;37:167–79. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2014.07.002.
16. Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D, Suchoff IB, Han ME, Craig S. Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in ac-quired brain injury: A retrospective analysis. Optometry 2007;78(4):155–61. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2006.11.011.
17. Samadani U, Li M, Qian M, et al. Sensitivity and speci-ficity of an eye movement tracking-based biomarker for concussion. Concussion 2015;1(1). doi:10.2217/ cnc.15.3.
18. Komogortsev O V., Karpov A. Automated classification and scoring of smooth pursuit eye movements in the presence of fixations and saccades. Behav Res Methods 2013;45(1):203–15. doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0234-9.
19. Kredel R, Vater C, Klostermann A, Hossner EJ. Eye-tracking technology and the dynamics of natural gaze behavior in sports: A systematic review of 40 years of research. Front Psychol 2017;8(OCT). doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2017.01845.
20. Hunfalvay M, Kubitz K, Murray NP, Tibbert S, Bolte T. Interpupillary distance and pupil diameter of base-ball athletes and non-athletes. Optom Vis Perform 2018;6(5):193–200.
21. Lange B, Hunfalvay M, Murray N, Roberts C-M, Bolte T. Reliability of computerized eye-tracking reaction time tests in non-athletes, athletes, and individuals with traumatic brain injury. Optom Vis Perform 2018;6(3). http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/34718/.
22. Murray N, Kubitz K, Roberts C-M, Hunfalvay M, Bolte T, Tyagi A. An examination of the oculomotor behavior metrics within a suite of digitized eye tracking tests. IEEE J Transl Eng Heal Med 2019;5(4):1–5. https:// righteye.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Murray-Kubitz-Roberts-Hunfalvay-Bolte-Tyagi-2019.pdf.
23. Templeton GF. A Two-Step approach for transforming continuous variables to normal: implications and recom-mendations for IS research. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 2011;28:41–58. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02804.
24. Laerd Statistics. Kruskal-Wallis H test using SPSS statistics.
25. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. 10th Anniv. New York: Bantam Books; 2005.
26. Appelbaum LG, Erickson G. Sports vision training: A review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 2018;11(1):160–89. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2016.1266376.
27. Jenerou A, College M. Article 4 A vision training pro-gram ’ s impact on ice hockey performance. Optom Vis Perform 2015;3(2):139–48.
28. Jenerou A, Morgan B, Buckingham RS. A vision training program’s impact on ice hockey performance. Insight J Am Soc Ophthalmic Regist Nurses 2018;43(1):15–21. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=cin20&AN=127134721&site=ehost-live.
29. Leo S. Magic Eyes: Vision Training for Children. New York: Crown House Publishing; 2015.
30. Zupan MF, Arata AW, Wile A, Parker R. Visual adapta-tions to sports vision enhancement training. A study of collegiate athletes at the US Air Force Academy. Optom Today UK 2006:43–48.
31. Jie L, Clark JJ. Video game design using an eye-movement-dependent model of visual attention. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl 2008;4(3):1–16. doi:10.1145/1386109.1386115.
32. Coubard OA, Urbanski M, Bourlon C, Gaumet M. Educating the blind brain: a panorama of neural bases of vision and of training programs in organic neurovisual deficits. Front Integr Neurosci 2014;8(December):1–13. doi:10.3389/fnint.2014.00089.
2. Boden LM, Rosengren KJ, Martin DF, Boden SD. A comparison of static near stereo acuity in youth base-ball/softball players and non-ball players. Optometry 2009;80(3):121–25. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2008.06.009.
3. Hoffman LG, Polan G, Powell J. The relationship of contrast sensitivity functions to sports vision. J Am Optom Assoc 1984;55(10):747–52.
4. Hunfalvay M, Orr R, Murray N, Roberts C-M. Evalua-tion of stereo acuity in professional baseball and LPGA athletes compared to non-athletes. Vis Dev Rehabil 2017;3(1):33–41.
5. Uchida Y, Kudoh D, Higuchi T, Honda M, Kanosue AK. Dynamic visual acuity in baseball players is due to superior tracking abilities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;45(2):319–25. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31826fec97.
6. Burris K, Vittetoe K, Ramger B, et al. Sensorimo-tor abilities predict on-field performance in profes-sional baseball. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):1–9. doi:10.1038/ s41598-017-18565-7.
7. Hoshina K, Tagami Y, Mimura O, Edagawa H, Mat-subara M, Nakayama T. A study of static, kinetic, and dynamic visual acuity in 102 Japanese professional baseball players. Clin Ophthalmol 2013;7:627–32. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S41047.
8. Barry RJ, Denniston AK. A Dictionary of Ophthalmol-ogy. 1st ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191830099.001.0001.
9. Parr T, Friston KJ. The active construction of the visual world. Neuropsychologia 2017;104:92–101.
10. Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
11. Wilson TA, Falkel J. Sports Vision Training for Better Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004. 12. Bedell HE, Stevenson SB. Eye movement testing in clinical examination. Vision Res 2013;90(2013):32–37.
doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.001.
13. Singh H, Giardina TD, Meyer AND, Forjuoh SN, Reis MD,
Thomas EJ. Types and origins of diagnostic errors in primary care settings. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173(6):418–25. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2777.
14. Winters B, Custer J, Galvagno SM, et al. Diagnostic errors in the intensive care unit: A systematic review of autopsy studies. BMJ Qual Saf 2012;21(11):894–902. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-000803.
15. Alder D, Ford PR, Causer J, Williams AM. The cou-pling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots. Hum Mov Sci 2014;37:167–79. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2014.07.002.
16. Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D, Suchoff IB, Han ME, Craig S. Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in ac-quired brain injury: A retrospective analysis. Optometry 2007;78(4):155–61. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2006.11.011.
17. Samadani U, Li M, Qian M, et al. Sensitivity and speci-ficity of an eye movement tracking-based biomarker for concussion. Concussion 2015;1(1). doi:10.2217/ cnc.15.3.
18. Komogortsev O V., Karpov A. Automated classification and scoring of smooth pursuit eye movements in the presence of fixations and saccades. Behav Res Methods 2013;45(1):203–15. doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0234-9.
19. Kredel R, Vater C, Klostermann A, Hossner EJ. Eye-tracking technology and the dynamics of natural gaze behavior in sports: A systematic review of 40 years of research. Front Psychol 2017;8(OCT). doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2017.01845.
20. Hunfalvay M, Kubitz K, Murray NP, Tibbert S, Bolte T. Interpupillary distance and pupil diameter of base-ball athletes and non-athletes. Optom Vis Perform 2018;6(5):193–200.
21. Lange B, Hunfalvay M, Murray N, Roberts C-M, Bolte T. Reliability of computerized eye-tracking reaction time tests in non-athletes, athletes, and individuals with traumatic brain injury. Optom Vis Perform 2018;6(3). http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/34718/.
22. Murray N, Kubitz K, Roberts C-M, Hunfalvay M, Bolte T, Tyagi A. An examination of the oculomotor behavior metrics within a suite of digitized eye tracking tests. IEEE J Transl Eng Heal Med 2019;5(4):1–5. https:// righteye.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Murray-Kubitz-Roberts-Hunfalvay-Bolte-Tyagi-2019.pdf.
23. Templeton GF. A Two-Step approach for transforming continuous variables to normal: implications and recom-mendations for IS research. Commun Assoc Inf Syst 2011;28:41–58. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.02804.
24. Laerd Statistics. Kruskal-Wallis H test using SPSS statistics.
25. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. 10th Anniv. New York: Bantam Books; 2005.
26. Appelbaum LG, Erickson G. Sports vision training: A review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 2018;11(1):160–89. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2016.1266376.
27. Jenerou A, College M. Article 4 A vision training pro-gram ’ s impact on ice hockey performance. Optom Vis Perform 2015;3(2):139–48.
28. Jenerou A, Morgan B, Buckingham RS. A vision training program’s impact on ice hockey performance. Insight J Am Soc Ophthalmic Regist Nurses 2018;43(1):15–21. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=cin20&AN=127134721&site=ehost-live.
29. Leo S. Magic Eyes: Vision Training for Children. New York: Crown House Publishing; 2015.
30. Zupan MF, Arata AW, Wile A, Parker R. Visual adapta-tions to sports vision enhancement training. A study of collegiate athletes at the US Air Force Academy. Optom Today UK 2006:43–48.
31. Jie L, Clark JJ. Video game design using an eye-movement-dependent model of visual attention. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl 2008;4(3):1–16. doi:10.1145/1386109.1386115.
32. Coubard OA, Urbanski M, Bourlon C, Gaumet M. Educating the blind brain: a panorama of neural bases of vision and of training programs in organic neurovisual deficits. Front Integr Neurosci 2014;8(December):1–13. doi:10.3389/fnint.2014.00089.